What is osteoporosis: Warning signs, causes, treatment and prevention tips

Osteoporosis, often called the “silent disease,” weakens bones, making them fragile and prone to fractures from minor falls or everyday movements. It occurs when bone density decreases, increasing the risk of breaks in areas like the hip, wrist, and spine, and affects millions in the UK, particularly those over 50, with women at greater risk post-menopause. According to a study published in StatPearls, osteoporosis is defined as low bone mineral density caused by altered bone microstructure, predisposing patients to low-impact, fragility fractures. The condition often progresses silently, so early diagnosis and management through medication, calcium and vitamin D intake, weight-bearing exercise, and lifestyle changes are essential.Osteoporosis is a bone disease that reduces bone density and strength, making bones fragile. Healthy bones are dense and strong enough to support your weight and absorb impact. However, with osteoporosis, bones become thin and porous, increasing the risk of fractures.The condition commonly affects:Hips (hip fractures)WristsSpine (vertebral fractures)Over time, bone loss happens naturally as we age, but osteoporosis accelerates this process. In fact, most people are unaware they have osteoporosis until they experience a fracture.Osteopenia, a condition where bone density is lower than normal, affects many adults over 50 and can progress to osteoporosis if left untreated.Osteoporosis usually does not cause obvious symptoms in its early stages. This is why it’s often referred to as a silent disease. However, as bones weaken, some signs may appear:If you notice these changes, speak to your healthcare provider about a bone density test (DEXA scan).Bones are living tissue that constantly rebuild themselves. Until about age 30, your body produces more bone than it loses. After that, bone breakdown outpaces bone formation. If this imbalance is severe, osteoporosis develops.Risk factors you cannot changeLifestyle and health-related causesMedical conditions linked to osteoporosisThe most serious complication is bone fractures, especially in the hip and spine. Hip fractures can lead to long-term disability and even increased mortality in older adults. Spine fractures can cause severe back pain, height loss, and a stooped posture.The primary diagnostic tool is a bone density scan (DEXA or DXA scan). It measures bone strength using low-level X-rays. It’s a painless, non-invasive outpatient test.Healthcare professionals recommend screening for:The goal of treatment is to prevent fractures and strengthen bones. Common treatments include:While some risk factors cannot be changed, there are steps you can take to protect your bones:1. Eat a bone-healthy dietCalcium-rich foods: Low-fat dairy, leafy greens, sardines.Vitamin D: Oily fish, fortified foods, or supplements.2. Get regular exerciseWeight-bearing exercises: Walking, jogging, dancing.Strength training: Builds muscle and bone strength.Balance exercises: Tai chi can help reduce the risk of falls.3. Avoid harmful habitsQuit smoking.Limit alcohol intake to two drinks or less per day.4. Get regular check-upsIf you’re over 50 or at risk, speak to your doctor about a bone density scan.Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any changes to your health routine or treatment.Also read | How to prevent kidney stones: Lifestyle changes and diet tips